GeneTree DNA Native American/Y-chromosome Test

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GeneTree DNA Y-chromosome/mtDNA HVR1/2 Methods
Native American Test

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By looking at Y-chromosome markers from all of the terminal males with the same paternal descent (all the males with the Carmichael Surname) we would suspect that they should all share the same Y-chromosome markers (with allowances made for calculated mutation rates, which should be small given less than 8 or 9 generations). This Native American/Y-Chromosome test could also be used to distinguish non-paternity in the line, a question that one might not want answered. Although this method is quite a useful tool for genealogists, it is not without its limitations. For example, examining the Y-chromosome haplotypes doesn't give a lot of information about degree of relatedness, just a type of inclusion or exclusion from the family. The figure on the right, Y-chromosome Inheritance Pattern, shows how the Y-chromosome (red squares) is passed from father to son, exclusively (males are represented by squares and females are represented by circles).

Explanation for Y-chromosome Haplotyping Results: Y chromosome mutations generally occur once every 500 generations / locus (Heyer et al. 1997). Therefore, if we were to examine 24 loci, we would expect that one locus would show a mutation every 20.8 generations (i.e., 500 generations / 24 markers = 20.8 generations).
 
Examples of what the results suggest when comparing 2 Y-haplotypes
Mutation Frequency Match Value Median Generations 95% Confidence Interval
0.0040 24/24 3.6 0.1 - 19.2
0.0040 24/23 8.9 1.3 - 29.7
0.0040 24/22 14.5 3.4 - 39.3

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