According to Chapter 5 of Genesis, Adam begat Seth, and Seth begat Enosh, Enosh begat Kenan, and so on. Translated into our modern genetic terminology, Adam passed a copy of his Y chromosome to Seth, and Seth passed a copy of his to Enosh, and so on. According to this Biblical account, the Jewish priesthood was established 3,300 years ago, when the first Israeli high priest was documented. Designation of Jewish males to the priesthood continues to this day. This spiritual lineage is determined through strict patrilineal decent. Dr. Michael Hammer, of the University of Arizona, and his collaborators set out to construct patrilineal genealogy cladrograms by using the Y chromosome's feature of being passed from father to son. Molecular biology techniques are being currently refined to unravel the mysteries of patrilineal inheritance.
Some of the published Y-chromosome STRs that are used to
generate a Haplotype are shown in the Table below. The GeneTree test kit commonly uses
either the the 24 STR System Marked Below to generate Y-haplotypes.
| Common Y-chromosome Markers | |
| Marker | GeneTree 24 Y-STRs |
| DYS310 | |
| DYS384 | |
| DYS385a | X |
| DYS385b | X |
| DYS388 | X |
| DYS389 I | X |
| DYS389 II | X |
| DYS390 | X |
| DYS391 | X |
| DYS392 | X |
| DYS393 | X |
| YCAIIa | X |
| YCAIIb | X |
| DYS394 (DYS19) | X |
| DYS425 | |
| DYS426 | X |
| DYS434 | |
| DYS435 | |
| DYS436 | |
| DYS437 | X |
| DYS438 | X |
| DYS439 | X |
| DYS447 | |
| DYS448 | |
| DYS449 | |
| DYS455 | |
| DYS458 | |
| DYS459a | |
| DYS459b | |
| DYS460 (Y-GATA-A7.1) | X |
| DYS461 (Y-GATA-A7.2) | X |
| DYS462 | X |
| Y-GATA-A4 | X |
| GGAAT1B07 | X |
| Y-GATA-A8 | |
| Y-GATA-A10 | X |
| Y-GATA-C4 | X |
| Y-GATA-H4 | X |
The human X and Y chromosomes, like those of other animals, have evolved from an ordinary pair of autosomes about 240 to 320 million years ago. This distinction has been pinpointed to have come after the divergence of the mammalian and avian lineages. The non-recombining regions of the X and Y chromosome have become highly differentiated over the years.
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